South Carolina Probate Lawyer » probate court

Opening the Estate: Where?

Tiffany Provence — Sat, 13 Feb 2010 02:54:31 +0000

As explained in a previous post, an estate must be opened in the county of domicile of the decedent. While people may have many residences, each of us only has one domicile. The court will determine the domicile of the decedent by looking at the following:

1) The address used on government documents such as a drivers license and tax filings with the IRS.

2) The location where the decedent’s important mail was received, where the decedent was most involved in the community, where the decedent called “home.”

In the majority of cases, determining domicile is not a problem. Even those who are fortunate enough to have vacation homes or live in more than one state usually have documentation that establishes where they considered their primary residence, or domicile to be. This does, however become a big issue in two situations that are more common than many might realize:

INCAPACITY – If someone passes away after living in a nursing home, there is often confusion about in which county the estate should be opened. Is it the county where they originally lived or the county where they were in a long term care facility? The answer to that questions is determined by the decedent’s intent when they moved. For example, if someone is diagnosed with early Alzheimer’s and decides, on their own, to move into an assisted living facility where they later pass away then it is likely that they changed their domicile from the county where they originally resided to the county where they passed away at the time of the move. In a second example, if an elderly person becomes incapacitated due to dementia or Alzheimer’s and they are placed in a care facility with participating in the decision, then it is likely that their domicile does not change. The issue her is intent. Someone must have the intent to change their domicile and therefore anyone who becomes incapacitated for any reason is considered to be domiciled in the county where they resided at the time the incapacity occurred. An example of this rule can be found in the ruling of

MILITARY – Military personnel also provide a unique domicile issue. Again, the court will focus on intent. The general rule is that a member of the military, regardless of where they are stationed, is considered domiciled in the county where they resided at the time they enlisted. This rule is easily overcome by actions such as purchasing a home away from the military base or marrying someone in a location where they are stationed and expressing an intent for that location to be their “home.”An example of the military rule regarding domicile can be found at

The issue of where the estate is opened is important to the court because it is their responsibility to ensure that they have jurisdiction over the estate. If an estate is opened in the wrong county, creditor’s could claim they did not have proper notice and interested parties may unknowingly open a second estate in the other county. If everyone applies the rules of domicile correctly, then all parties will know where to look when trying to find someone’s estate.

What exactly is probate?

Who will be the Personal Representative? (Part II)

Tiffany Provence — Mon, 14 Dec 2009 14:44:49 +0000

When people pass away without wills, the determination of who can be appointed as their Personal Representative (P.R. for short) can get sticky. Here are some of the most common issues that arise.

Minor Children – If the decedent is not legally married at death (whether by divorce, death or perhaps they had the common sense never to get married in the first place), their children have the right to serve as P.R. But, what if their children are minors? Obviously, a minor is not “fit” to serve (minimum age is 18) and therefore the S.C. Probate Code determines who is next in line. Often times in these situations, people assume that it would be the decedent’s parents; however, that is not the case.

In South Carolina, if you leave behind no will and have minor children, before YOUR parents are entitled to serve, the appointment will go to THEIR other parent or guardian. That’s right, your ex-spouse (or baby mama as the case may be) will suddenly be in charge of everything you own. And, it doesn’t matter that they have told 100 people they hate you or that they took you to the cleaners in family court, unless it can be shown that they are unfit to serve due to a criminal history, incarceration, incapacity, etc. then they get the job. The bottom line is that since you didn’t choose someone in your will, the law assumes that the best person to serve is the legal guardian of your primary heir. This scenario gets even more entertaining when you have children with more than one person so that the court must now referee between the two. Enter Jerry Springer . . .

Separation – Because South Carolina does not have “no fault” divorce, many couples have to lived separated for 1 year in order to qualify for a divorce. To avoid expenses and complications, many of them don’t part ways through legal documentation and instead simply “split up.” While this may save you money in family court, the consequences can be disastrous in probate court. The S.C. Probate Code is clear in Section 62-2-802 what is required before a spouse will loose their entitlement to be considered a “spouse.” Essentially, one of the following has to have occurred:

A divorce or annulment. And, it isn’t even enough for a couple to “think” they are divorced. The Judge has to actually have signed the decree. In a landmark case titled Hatchell-Freeman v. Freeman a wife was actually entitled to serve as P.R. and entitled to receive a share of the estate even though they had attended the final hearing on their divorce (simply because the Judge had not signed the decree).

A decree of separate maintenance or property settlement agreement acknowledged by the court which which terminates these rights.

Adultery, abandonment or other acts of the spouse are not relevant to the Probate Court under these sections. So, the bottom line is that if you find yourself in this situation you need legal help and a properly drafted will to ensure your ex isn’t in control against your wishes.

Common Law Marriage – We will discuss common law marriage in greater detail in a future post but for purposes of this discussion, just know that common law marriage must be affirmatively proven in the court and until that time the question of who has priority to serve as the Personal Representative may be difficult to answer. Because a spouse has priority to serve, the question is – who serves while it is determined whether or not someone is the spouse? In this case, the court may rely on a Special Administrator to handle the estate until the marriage issue can be resolved. Or, in a perfect world, the potential spouse and other heirs would agree by consent as to who will serve in the interim.

There is no shortage of court hearing to determine who will serve as Personal Representative. And, even after the appropriate person is appointed, parties may find themselves litigating whether or not that person is doing the job properly. In the end, the only way to protect your assets from these disputes is to make these choices before you go!

Choosing a Personal Representative

Tiffany Provence — Fri, 11 Dec 2009 16:40:33 +0000

Choosing your Personal Representative

Whether they are called Personal Representatives (P.R. for short), Executors or Administrators, they all have the same purpose – to manage your assets, file proper documentation with the courts and IRS, deal with any creditors you may have had and properly distribute your assets to your heirs. It’s not an easy job and it will be best for everyone if you give some thought today into who would be the best person to handle this for you after you are gone.

Here are some considerations I discuss with all of my estate planning clients before they make this choice.

Age – When naming a P.R., try to name someone younger than yourself. Most people don’t update their wills regularly and statistically, if you name someone older than yourself (a parent, older sibling, etc.) they will have already passed away. There are plenty of exceptions to this “rule” when people want to name a spouse or when they have an illness that realistically will bring about their death before those that are older than they are. If you do choose someone older than you, ensure that your alternate (second choice) is younger and be prepared to update your document if they pass away or become incapacitated.

Location – It is not necessary that the person you choose live in the same city or state that you do; however, if you have good options close to home it will make their life easier. Being someone’s P.R. will require the person to collect and manage all of your assets (most of which will be where you lived) and can require several trips to the court as well. Personal Representatives who must travel repeatedly usually end up with high travel expenses, missed days from work, and delays from the inability to be nearby when needed.

Financial Stability – If someone can’t manage their own finances, why would you ask them to manage yours? Choosing a P.R. means entrusting someone with full access to your bank accounts, investments, personal property and more. For this reason, you need to ensure the person you choose is financially responsible and trustworthy. This is a lot of power to give someone and putting that power in the wrong hands can have disastrous consequences for your heirs. If you don’t have anyone in your life that is trustworthy, this may be the time to think about using a professional P.R. (attorney, bank, etc.) or putting in your will that you want your P.R. to be bonded.

Relationship with your heirs – Don’t overlook that this person will be working for and with your heirs. If your brother and wife have never really gotten along, it would not be wise to name him as the P.R. when your primary heir is your wife. Instead of considering what type of relationship your potential P.R. has with YOU (which is irrelevant because you will be dead), think about what type of relationship they have with your heirs. Blended families, second marriages, and strained family relationships can make this a challenge.

In closing, after you have chosen your P.R. and an alternate, it’s a good idea to let the people know they have been named. Some will be honored and others may decline (especially if they have done it before). Either way, you will have the chance to know their willingness and to discuss with them any problems you foresee with your estate. And remember, if you think choosing you own P.R. is a daunting task, imagine how the probate court feels if they have to make the choice for you after you are gone.

Who will be the Personal Representative? (Part II)

What exactly is probate?

Tiffany Provence — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 17:31:36 +0000

Technically, the word Probate means “to obtain the official approval of, as of an instrument purporting to be the last will and testament.” (Thanks Webster!) However, in the common sense, probate describes the process by which the Probate Court oversees the transfer of assets from someone who has passed away (the “decedent”) to those entitled to receive them. The word probate has become tainted by all the “avoid probate” propaganda used when financial planners or others are trying to sell trusts. In reality, what you are really trying to avoid is taxes and creditors, not “probate,” so don’t fear the court. In fact, as Probate Court Judges are the only elected members of the judiciary in the state, they generally strive to be as helpful as possible.

A review of assets belonging to the decedent at their time of death is required in order to know whether or not you will need to go through probate. For example, if the decedent owned any real property (real estate) or titled assets (cars, vehicles, boats, mobile homes) in their name alone, you will definitely be required to go through the probate process. Additionally, if the decedent held bank accounts, investment accounts, CD’s or other assets in their names alone, probate is the only way to get access to this property. Even if the decedent didn’t own any assets, probate may still be required as only a Personal Representative appointed by the Probate Court may act on behalf of the decedent to bring a lawsuit. So, now that you realize your probably can’t “avoid probate”, what do you need to know?

A decedent’s estate must be probate in the county where they are domiciled. In most cases, this is their place of residence. However, it is possible to have more than one residence but you can only have one domicile. If your loved one lived in multiple places, a probate attorney or the court may be able to assist you in determining which court is appropriate. Each county in South Carolina has a Probate Court which is almost always located in the county courthouse. Once you have determined which court you must file in, it is wise to contact that court for specific office hours and to determine if you must have an appointment to open an estate. In some cases, if you are particularly internet savy or have an attorney assisting you, you may not have to appear in the court at all.

To open the estate in South Carolina, you must have proof of death. This is generally accomplished with a death certificate but in unusual circumstances proof from another government agency can be provided. If the decedent had a will, you will also need to deliver the original to the court (where it will remain). The minimum fee to open the estate is $25, made payable directly to the probate court. Additional court costs will be due once the court determines the extent of the decedent’s assets.

Last, but not least, the person who appears at the court should be the person who intends to serve as the Personal Representative (a general term in South Carolina which includes Executors and Administrators). The will should name the Personal Representative. If there is not a will, S.C. Code determines who has priority to handle the decedent’s affairs. In general, priority when no will exists is as follows:

Spouse of the decedent
If there is no spouse, children of the decedent (minor children present unique issues)
If no spouse or children, other heirs of the decedent
After 45 days, a creditor of the estate may ask to be appointed

People often wonder how quickly they should go to the court to begin the process and there isn’t a perfect answer to that question. The law requires that any person holding the original will of another who has passed away should present it to the court within 30 days; therefore, waiting beyond that period isn’t recommended. Meanwhile, heading to the court before you have the death certificate is premature. In some cases, the only assets available to bury the decedent may be held solely in the decedent’s name which means moving quickly is required. In general, how quickly you go is likely determined by the unique circumstances in your case.

Probate Court’s role in marriage

Tiffany Provence — Thu, 03 Dec 2009 17:10:40 +0000

Unrelated to the other functions of the Probate Courts in South Carolina, this court is responsible for issuing marriage licenses. Therefore, if you want to (or just have to) get married in the state of South Carolina, you need to be aware of the following requirements.

First, the bride and groom must appear together at the Probate Court and file a written application. You do not have to be a resident of South Carolina to apply, nor do you have to apply in the county where you plan to marry. Cost vary per county but average around $40 – $70 (often required in cash). The application will ask for the full name, social security number, age, and place of residence of the bride and the groom. It is a sworn statement that must be signed by the bride and the groom and then notarized in the office of the probate judge. It’s important to bring proper identification (passport or a driver’s license is best) with you to the court. And, if you are under 18, you will have to drag a parent and birth certificate along as well.

Once the application is filed, you must wait 24 hours before picking up your license. So, plan ahead and don’t wait until the Friday prior to the wedding to apply. Judges in South Carolina can not waive the waiting period regardless of how much money you have spent on your upcoming nuptials.

In South Carolina, marriage licenses do not expire so there is no harm in getting your early. However, just like a driver’s license – just because you have it doesn’t mean you MUST use it. Marry with caution. Other interesting tidbits about marriage in South Carolina:

Despite rumors to the contrary, common law marriage does still exist in South Carolina.
Yes, it’s true. You can marry your cousin in South Carolina.
There is no minimum time between a divorce and remarriage; however, some counties will ask for a copy of the divorce decree if it’s been less than 1 year.
Blood test are not required.
You can be married by a notary or clergy member.
While the Probate Court may issue you the license to get married, it is the Family Court’s responsibility to help you get a divorce!

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Introduction

Tiffany Provence — Mon, 30 Nov 2009 08:00:28 +0000

I’ll address the question of WHY you have to go through probate when someone passes away in a future post. For today, I would just like to introduce myself and explain why I’ve chosen to blog about an otherwise uninteresting and often annoying area of the law.

My name is Tiffany Provence, an attorney living and practicing outside of Charleston, S.C. in Summerville. And, while I would love to blog about fashion, technology or exotic travel, I have little experience or knowledge in anything that exciting. However, after more than 10 years as a Probate Judge for Dorchester County, S.C., I have learned that there is a severe shortage of information on this topic for both the public and attorneys who need a primer on this area of the law.

And so, why would you need to know anything about probate law? Perhaps a family member has recently passed away – this is your court. Are you caring for a loved one and needing more information about making decisions on their behalf? Again, this is your court. Wanting to get married in South Carolina? Yep, they do that too. Want to get divorced? Well, that’s another court entirely.

In this blog, I hope to provide you with basic information on the myriad of issues that are raised in this area of the law and ensure you know when you need to seek legal assistance.

Dorchester County's New Courthouse

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