The most common misconception about South Carolina Probate Judges is that they are all lawyers. While many of them are, an equal number of our Probate Judges are not. In South Carolina, Code Section 14-23-1040 detail the requirements to be a Probate Judge as follows:

1. You must be a U.S. citizen and a resident of South Carolina.
2. You must be twenty-one (21) years of age.
3. You must be a “qualified elector” in the County where you intend to be a Judge (in other words, you must be a resident of that county).
4. You must have a four (4) years bachelor’s degree OR four (4) years experience as an employee in the Probate Court.

So, reading these qualifications, it would seem that a vast majority of people could become Probate Judges; however, the biggest issue is that Probate Judges in South Carolina are popularly elected. And, despite the fact that our legislators have not seen fit to increase the qualifications required, the general public usually applies some degree of common sense when going to vote (note I said usually). This means that candidates will need public support, campaign funding and plenty of yards signs. The filing fee to run varies by county but in many it’s as much as $3500 just to have your name on the ballet. And, for the most part, the public will vote for someone who is either an attorney or who has experience in the Probate Court, Clerk of Court, or related offices. In fact, some of our best Judges in the state are non-lawyers who worked their way up in the courts.

Probate Judges are county-wide elected positions which means there is one per county (46 in the state as a whole). Currently, Probate Judges do have to “declare” a party (meaning they run as Republicans, Democrats or Independents). Probate Judges are the only elected judiciary position in the state of South Carolina and are bound by very strict ethical rules when running for this position. They run every four (4) years and are allowed unlimited terms.

Besides the minimal qualifications and ability to get elected, there are some traits that are also required to actually perform the function of Probate Judge (and get re-elected). You must be very public service oriented (low pay, lots of constituent service), have incredible patience, and be capable of reading, researching and understanding the law in the areas of probate, guardianships, conservatorships and commitments. This isn’t your “typical” judicial position and a quick look at the biographies and backgrounds of our state’s Judges will show you that while almost anyone technically qualifies to run for Probate Judge, it takes a certain temperament to truly get the job done.

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Before attempting the paperwork, it’s essentially that the Personal Representative follow some general guidelines. South Carolina Code Section 62-3-709 explains that “every personal representative has a right to, and shall take possession or control of, the decedent’s property, except that any real property or tangible personal property may be left with or surrendered to the person presumptively entitled thereto unless or until, in the judgment of the personal representative, possession of the property by him will be necessary for purposes of administration.” In essence, this means it is the responsibility for the Personal Representative to collect the assets UNLESS they are in the possession of the person who will ultimately receive them.

As you might imagine, this duty causes a great deal of friction between Personal Representatives and heirs. Imagine that your husband passes away and that your step-son (his son) is the Personal Representative. You could potentially return home to find ½ of your home furnishings gone because the Personal Representative “took possession” of them to administer the estate. Again, Personal Representatives should walk a fine line between performing their duty and using their powers unwisely. Meanwhile, heirs who are in possession of property belonging to a decedent must cooperate in ensuring that the Personal Representative is aware of the properties location.

Once the Personal Representative has a general grasp on the decedent’s assets, he must list them according to the type of asset and include information about any joint owners. Before attempting the paperwork, a good Personal Representative can prevent a migraine by making a list and collecting the information as follows:

REAL PROPERTY – You will need a copy of the deed to determine who the exact owners are and whether or not the property is held jointly, or jointly with a right of survivorship. You will also need a value for the inventory. This can be the tax assessed value or the fair market value as determined by an appraisal or cost market analysis (available from a real estate agent). Please note that in an effort to reduce estate costs and fees, Personal Representatives will often make the huge mistake of undervaluing the property which can have negative tax consequences on those receiving the property from the estate. Tread carefully in this area, the courts can not and will not give you advice on the value for this reason. If you are unsure how to value, discuss this issue with your attorney or CPA before filing the value with the court.

PERSONAL PROPERTY – The courts don’t expect you to list every piece of stuff owned by the decedent; however, if an heir begins to contest your management of the estate, a more detailed list may be required. Initially, it’s safe to group items in to large categories and give them a resale value (i.e. – what could you get for them if you had to sell them at a garage sale). Common categories include household furnishings, clothing, electronics, collectibles, etc. Sentimental values do not go on an inventory. For example, while your mother’s china may be the prized possession every heir is after, it should only be valued by it’s actual resale value. EBay or other online resources are very helpful in this regard. Kelly Blue Book or Edmunds are great for placing a value on cars (which also fall in this category).

BANK ACCOUNTS – In South Carolina, there are essentially three ways to title a personal bank account. Sole ownership (decedent was the only person with his/her name on this account), joint ownership (account was held by two or more people), and joint ownership with rights of survivorship (more than one person was on account and ownership shifts automatically to other owners upon death). It is essential that you contact each bank where the decedent held an account and determine the form of ownership. The type of ownership determines not only where it goes on the inventory form, but also who has the right to the funds.

IRA’S – The court will need to know if the decedent had any IRA accounts. If so, you are only required to give detailed information on the account if the estate was named as the beneficiary. Otherwise, most courts just want to know that the account existed and that it named a specific beneficiary to receive the proceeds.

DEBTS – The court will need to know any debts held by the decedent. This does not include consumer debts or debts incurred after death (such as funeral expenses). The debt reported to the court is essentially the debt related to other assets. For example, if a car appears in the personal property, this is where the car loan will appear. If a home appears in the real property, this is where the mortgage would go.

List in hand, it’s time to tackle the official inventory form which must be submitted to the court within ninety (90) days. Having your items sorted as stated above will go a long way in getting you prepared for the inventory form. Another tip – the first page should actually be done last so start with page 2.

And, if for some reason, you just can’t get it done in time, you can use the form 352 (located here) to file for an extension. Good luck!

Related posts:

1. Personal Representative’s Duties: Duty to Inform
2. Pick Me, Pick Me! Who gets to be the Personal Representative of the estate? (Part I)

Immediately upon appointment, the P.R. agrees to accept certain duties. These duties can be found in Article 3, Part 7 of the S.C. Probate Code for those interested in reading them in depth. The first specific duty you will find is 62-3-705 – the duty to inform heirs and devisees of your appointment.

DUTY TO INFORM – Within 30 days of your appointment, you should have notified all heirs (those who receive if there is not a will) and devisees (those who are named in the will) of your appointment. South Carolina courts provide you with Form 305PC for this purpose which can be downloaded here. Promptly complete the form, send it to everyone who is an heir or devisee. Then, complete the proof of delivery form to notify the court you have complied with this requirement. This seems easy enough, but this simple task is often handled improperly or ignored, which simply sets the stage for future disputes. Be aware of the following mistakes:

1) “I don’t have to inform them, they aren’t in the will.” – The first fatal mistake made by P.R.’s is assuming they only have to send this form to people who will actually be receiving from the estate. This is not true. The purpose of this form is to put everyone on notice, even those who have been disinherited, that the estate has been opened. The opening of the estate triggers numerous deadlines for interested parties to bring an actions including will contests, elective share claims and others. Because of this, everyone who has an interest in this person’s estate is to be notified. In cases where there is no will (intestacy), you will only have one group to notify – all intestate heirs. If; however, there is a will you may have two separate groups. The first group are those listed in the will (whether they are family or not) and the second group are those that would have received it the will was not in place (intestate heirs). Failing to notify someone can cause great delays in the estate. Furthermore, completing the form to say that you have notified someone when in fact you have not is considered perjury.

2) “I am close with my family and they already know I am in charge.” – Despite the fact that everyone may already know of your appointment, you still must follow the court process for giving them “official” notice. People often assume that they don’t need to do this because they have already verbally communicated with everyone to let them know. Keep in mind that this form contains information essential for others to contact the court, including the case number and actual date of your appointment. It’s unlikely that these details are mentioned in casual conversation and even if they are, it’s just easier to follow the rules then to make assumptions that will later get you in trouble.

3) “I’m not sure where this person lives.” – The Probate Courts hear this excuse all the time and unfortunately for the new P.R., they are uninterested in hearing it again. If you have taken on the duty to serve as P.R., it will be essential for you to establish communications with the parties interested in this estate. Very frequently, people who offer this excuse know exactly where the person is, they just hope that this will somehow eliminate the need for keeping them involved. It does not. So, before telling the court that you can’t find an heir or devisee, you must ensure that you have used every available resource to locate them. This includes letters to other interested parties to determine their location, an exhaustive internet search, certified mail sent to their last know address, a public records search, etc. In the end, it is very very rare that an heir actually can not be located. And, if you truly can’t find them you will need an attorney to assist you on their behalf. So, know before you go to court with this excuse that it’s unlikely to work and if it’s in fact true, the court will expect the resources of the estate to be used to resolve the problem.

4) “I didn’t think I had to let them know because they are minors.” – Even children are entitled to be informed. When dealing with heirs or devisees who are minors, it is appropriate to address information to them through their legal guardians. The same is true of adults who may be incapacitated.

5) “I sent it in the mail but they must not have gotten it.” – As much as we love to complain about the U.S. postal service, in reality it is rare that they loose mail. And, it’s not a coincidence that the one piece of mail that gets lost is always the one to the heir or devisee that no one likes. Don’t use this excuse, be a smart P.R. and use certified mail for any heir or devisee who you know is likely to claim that you aren’t doing your job. While the S.C. Code allows for delivery by ordinary mail, most lawyers will always use certified mail in cases where we know we may be asked to prove delivery.

The bottom line is that you can not hide out from the duties you have undertaken, so quickly establishing a line of communication with the heirs and devisees is essential. Having a database or spreadsheet with their current addresses, emails, and phone numbers will make this process easier in the long run. And, if there is someone in this group that you don’t get along with, understand that this means you should communicate with that person more, not less, to ensure you stay out of trouble.

Related posts:

1. Personal Representative’s Duties: Duty to Inventory Assets
2. Pick Me, Pick Me! Who gets to be the Personal Representative of the estate? (Part I)
3. Who will be the Personal Representative? (Part II)

1) The address used on government documents such as a drivers license and tax filings with the IRS.

2) The location where the decedent’s important mail was received, where the decedent was most involved in the community, where the decedent called “home.”

In the majority of cases, determining domicile is not a problem. Even those who are fortunate enough to have vacation homes or live in more than one state usually have documentation that establishes where they considered their primary residence, or domicile to be. This does, however become a big issue in two situations that are more common than many might realize:

INCAPACITY – If someone passes away after living in a nursing home, there is often confusion about in which county the estate should be opened. Is it the county where they originally lived or the county where they were in a long term care facility? The answer to that questions is determined by the decedent’s intent when they moved. For example, if someone is diagnosed with early Alzheimer’s and decides, on their own, to move into an assisted living facility where they later pass away then it is likely that they changed their domicile from the county where they originally resided to the county where they passed away at the time of the move. In a second example, if an elderly person becomes incapacitated due to dementia or Alzheimer’s and they are placed in a care facility with participating in the decision, then it is likely that their domicile does not change. The issue her is intent. Someone must have the intent to change their domicile and therefore anyone who becomes incapacitated for any reason is considered to be domiciled in the county where they resided at the time the incapacity occurred. An example of this rule can be found in the ruling of

MILITARY – Military personnel also provide a unique domicile issue. Again, the court will focus on intent. The general rule is that a member of the military, regardless of where they are stationed, is considered domiciled in the county where they resided at the time they enlisted. This rule is easily overcome by actions such as purchasing a home away from the military base or marrying someone in a location where they are stationed and expressing an intent for that location to be their “home.”An example of the military rule regarding domicile can be found at

The issue of where the estate is opened is important to the court because it is their responsibility to ensure that they have jurisdiction over the estate. If an estate is opened in the wrong county, creditor’s could claim they did not have proper notice and interested parties may unknowingly open a second estate in the other county. If everyone applies the rules of domicile correctly, then all parties will know where to look when trying to find someone’s estate.

Related posts:

1. What exactly is probate?

When couples begin their relationship together in a state that does not recognize common law marriage, it does not automatically transform into a common law marriage when they move to a state that does recognize it. The South Carolina Supreme Court held in Callen v. Callen (2005 S.C. Lexis 265) that an impediment to marriage must be removed in a common law marriage, just as in a “regular” marriage, and afterward, there must be a new mutual agreement either by way of a civil ceremony or a new agreement to enter into a common law marriage. The full text of this opinion may be read here.

This post was contributed by Ben Stevens of Turnipseed, Brannon & Stevens. He is the author of the South Carolina Family Law Blog.

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In South Carolina, if there are no impediments to the marriage, a party must show the court that four requirements have been met before a common law marriage can be validated.  First, both parties must have the capacity to enter into a marriage.  Neither party can be mentally ill, already married to another or impaired at the time the other three requirements were met.

Next, there must have been an agreement between the parties to live as husband and wife.  It could have been an informal agreement, but one party alone does not get to make the call—there must be some evidence of an actual and mutual agreement to live publicly as husband and wife.

Third, the parties must hold themselves out to the public as husband and wife.  So, not only do they have to agree to live as husband and wife, other people in the community must believe that they are married.

Lastly, some cohabitation is necessary to prove the existence of a common law marriage.  I once had neighbors who were legally married but lived across the street from each other.  It worked for them (and sometimes doesn’t sound like such a bad idea), but the court would probably not accept their arrangement as proof of a common law marriage.

Contrary to popular belief, there is no specific length requirement for cohabitation.   I’ve heard people say (in very authoritative voices) that a couple has to live together for at least a year before they are “common law married.”  I’ve heard others (just as authoritatively) say the required time is seven years.  The fact is that the courts have not set a specific rule, but cohabitation of a short duration is not likely to create a common law marriage unless there is strong evidence to support the existence of the other requirements.

A common law marriage is always hard to prove, especially in the Probate Court.  Expect a fight, because proving the existence of a marriage will almost always decrease what other heirs are entitled to take from an estate. And, of course, immediately hire an attorney familiar with this area of the law to ensure your rights are protected.

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1) There are a variety of reasons why people delay the opening of an estate, the most common of which is grief. It is absolutely understandable that when a loved one passes away, the last thing on your mind is hiring an attorney or locating your local probate court. And while that is perfectly understandable, failure to start the probate process quickly can cause problems. Take a week or two to deal with the most pressing issues and if you still don’t feel you a re ready to begin, ask a trusted friend or family member to help you.

2) In South Carolina, it is actually a misdemeanor to withhold a decedent’s last will from the court for more than thirty (30) days. This means that if you have the original will in your possession, you need to get it to the court promptly. Hiding a will is never a good idea as it leads to speculation, confusion and chaos amongst those who feel they might be inheriting from the decedent.

3) Failure to open an estate in a timely fashion may lead to another party getting priority to serve as Personal Representative. In fact, if you have not opened the estate within forty-five (45) days, a creditor can open it on your behalf. Again, if you are grieving and unable to deal with these issues, find someone to help you as having a creditor handle the affairs of the estate is never in anyone’s best interest (except theirs).

Once you have opened the estate, you can expect it to remain open for a minimum of eight (8) months, most likely it will take closer to a year or longer from start to finish. Even the best attorney can’t complete it in less time as the law requires the estate be open that long in order for creditors to have time to make claims for any money they are owed by the decedent. Here are a few more things to consider:

1) The eight (8) months begins from the date that you publish the court approved creditor’s notice in the local paper. So, just picking up the paperwork from the court is not enough, you must ensure the Personal Representative quickly gets that notice in the paper (some courts do this for you, others require you to do it on your own).

2) Attempting to convince the court that you already know everyone your loved one owed will never work, although just about every family has hoped to shorten the process by making this argument. The time set by law can not be waived, shortened, or changed for any estate.

3) Once you have opened the estate, your attorney should provide you with a general guideline of what you need to do and when in order to satisfy the courts. If you are attempting to handle the estate without legal guidance, make sure to ask the court for a list of their deadlines so that you are clear on what documents need to be submitted and when so that you don’t further delay the estate.

In closing, know that while good estate planning can eliminate many of the hassles of probate, nothing can change the court’s requirements for probating an estate. Only those who have no real property, no titles assets (cars, boats, mobile homes) and no personal property or assets that total above ten thousand ($10,000) can skip the formalities by using a process called a small estate, which will be the topic of a future post.

Related posts:

1. Pick Me, Pick Me! Who gets to be the Personal Representative of the estate? (Part I)
2. Who will be the Personal Representative? (Part II)
3. Personal Representative’s Duties: Duty to Inform

Minor Children – If the decedent is not legally married at death (whether by divorce, death or perhaps they had the common sense never to get married in the first place), their children have the right to serve as P.R. But, what if their children are minors? Obviously, a minor is not “fit” to serve (minimum age is 18) and therefore the S.C. Probate Code determines who is next in line. Often times in these situations, people assume that it would be the decedent’s parents; however, that is not the case.

In South Carolina, if you leave behind no will and have minor children, before YOUR parents are entitled to serve, the appointment will go to THEIR other parent or guardian. That’s right, your ex-spouse (or baby mama as the case may be) will suddenly be in charge of everything you own. And, it doesn’t matter that they have told 100 people they hate you or that they took you to the cleaners in family court, unless it can be shown that they are unfit to serve due to a criminal history, incarceration, incapacity, etc. then they get the job. The bottom line is that since you didn’t choose someone in your will, the law assumes that the best person to serve is the legal guardian of your primary heir. This scenario gets even more entertaining when you have children with more than one person so that the court must now referee between the two. Enter Jerry Springer . . .

Separation – Because South Carolina does not have “no fault” divorce, many couples have to lived separated for 1 year in order to qualify for a divorce. To avoid expenses and complications, many of them don’t part ways through legal documentation and instead simply “split up.” While this may save you money in family court, the consequences can be disastrous in probate court. The S.C. Probate Code is clear in Section 62-2-802 what is required before a spouse will loose their entitlement to be considered a “spouse.” Essentially, one of the following has to have occurred:

A divorce or annulment. And, it isn’t even enough for a couple to “think” they are divorced. The Judge has to actually have signed the decree. In a landmark case titled Hatchell-Freeman v. Freeman a wife was actually entitled to serve as P.R. and entitled to receive a share of the estate even though they had attended the final hearing on their divorce (simply because the Judge had not signed the decree).

A decree of separate maintenance or property settlement agreement acknowledged by the court which which terminates these rights.

Adultery, abandonment or other acts of the spouse are not relevant to the Probate Court under these sections. So, the bottom line is that if you find yourself in this situation you need legal help and a properly drafted will to ensure your ex isn’t in control against your wishes.

Common Law Marriage – We will discuss common law marriage in greater detail in a future post but for purposes of this discussion, just know that common law marriage must be affirmatively proven in the court and until that time the question of who has priority to serve as the Personal Representative may be difficult to answer. Because a spouse has priority to serve, the question is – who serves while it is determined whether or not someone is the spouse? In this case, the court may rely on a Special Administrator to handle the estate until the marriage issue can be resolved. Or, in a perfect world, the potential spouse and other heirs would agree by consent as to who will serve in the interim.

There is no shortage of court hearing to determine who will serve as Personal Representative. And, even after the appropriate person is appointed, parties may find themselves litigating whether or not that person is doing the job properly. In the end, the only way to protect your assets from these disputes is to make these choices before you go!

Related posts:

1. Pick Me, Pick Me! Who gets to be the Personal Representative of the estate? (Part I)
2. Choosing a Personal Representative
3. Personal Representative’s Duties: Duty to Inform

Luckily, there are many estates where the court does not have to get involved in choosing the appropriate person.  For example, when you write your will, it should always state whom you wish to serve as the Personal Representative. It’s also wise to name an alternate in case your first choice is not available.

However, when you die without a will (this is called “intestacy”), the court will have to determine who should be in charge. South Carolina Code Section 62-3-203 determines who has the priority to serve, but the Judge may use his/her discretion to determine if someone with priority is not suitable (or disqualified) for the appointment. Some examples will help explain who gets to serve but remember again that these only apply if you don’t name someone in your will.

The Spouse – Your spouse will be the top pick to serve as Personal Representative (P.R.) if you are lawfully married at the time of your death. This can seem clear but a lot of confusion can arise when couples are separated, estranged, or allegedly common law married. S. C. Probate Code Section 62-2-802 outlines what actions will terminate a spouse’s rights to serve. A spouse serving can also cause problems when the children involved are from a previous marriage. Despite the possibility for future conflicts, the spouse is entitled to serve and will be appointed by the court unless it can be shown that he/she is unfit to serve. A person may be unfit to serve if they are incarcerated, have serious financial problems (check fraud, bankruptcy, history of financial wrongdoings), or are incapacitated. Even if the spouse can’t serve, they are entitled to nominate someone to serve on their behalf.

The Children – If there is no spouse, or the spouse is unable to serve (or chooses not to and doesn’t name a nominee to serve in their place) then the children are the next in line. If there is only one child, the court will appoint that child. The debate usually begins when there are multiple children. Since all children have equal priority to be the P.R., the court will choose unless all of the children can agree. When left to the court, the Judge will consider many factors including the opinions and nominations of the heirs, financial stability, criminal history, proximity to the court and many others.

While these two rules will address the majority of cases, there are more complicated issues that arise with minor children, divorced spouses, and those with no children or spouse that will be discussed in Pick Me, Pick Me Part II.

Related posts:

1. Who will be the Personal Representative? (Part II)
2. Personal Representative’s Duties: Duty to Inform
3. So how long is this going to take?

Whether they are called Personal Representatives (P.R. for short), Executors or Administrators, they all have the same purpose – to manage your assets, file proper documentation with the courts and IRS, deal with any creditors you may have had and properly distribute your assets to your heirs. It’s not an easy job and it will be best for everyone if you give some thought today into who would be the best person to handle this for you after you are gone.

Here are some considerations I discuss with all of my estate planning clients before they make this choice.

Age – When naming a P.R., try to name someone younger than yourself. Most people don’t update their wills regularly and statistically, if you name someone older than yourself (a parent, older sibling, etc.) they will have already passed away. There are plenty of exceptions to this “rule” when people want to name a spouse or when they have an illness that realistically will bring about their death before those that are older than they are. If you do choose someone older than you, ensure that your alternate (second choice) is younger and be prepared to update your document if they pass away or become incapacitated.

Location – It is not necessary that the person you choose live in the same city or state that you do; however, if you have good options close to home it will make their life easier. Being someone’s P.R. will require the person to collect and manage all of your assets (most of which will be where you lived) and can require several trips to the court as well. Personal Representatives who must travel repeatedly usually end up with high travel expenses, missed days from work, and delays from the inability to be nearby when needed.

Financial Stability – If someone can’t manage their own finances, why would you ask them to manage yours? Choosing a P.R. means entrusting someone with full access to your bank accounts, investments, personal property and more. For this reason, you need to ensure the person you choose is financially responsible and trustworthy. This is a lot of power to give someone and putting that power in the wrong hands can have disastrous consequences for your heirs. If you don’t have anyone in your life that is trustworthy, this may be the time to think about using a professional P.R. (attorney, bank, etc.) or putting in your will that you want your P.R. to be bonded.

Relationship with your heirs – Don’t overlook that this person will be working for and with your heirs. If your brother and wife have never really gotten along, it would not be wise to name him as the P.R. when your primary heir is your wife. Instead of considering what type of relationship your potential P.R. has with YOU (which is irrelevant because you will be dead), think about what type of relationship they have with your heirs. Blended families, second marriages, and strained family relationships can make this a challenge.

In closing, after you have chosen your P.R. and an alternate, it’s a good idea to let the people know they have been named. Some will be honored and others may decline (especially if they have done it before).  Either way, you will have the chance to know their willingness and to discuss with them any problems you foresee with your estate. And remember, if you think choosing you own P.R. is a daunting task, imagine how the probate court feels if they have to make the choice for you after you are gone.

Related posts:

1. Who will be the Personal Representative? (Part II)